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Four Regional Cultures in Anglo-American 

A Summary of Cultural Characteristics, ca. 1700-50 

Location        
Hearth Massachusetts  Virginia  Delaware Valley Backcountry
Region  Greater New England   Tidewater South N.J. Pa. Del., N. Md.  Southern Highlands
Language and Literacy        
Dialect Northern   Southern coastal Midland  Southern highland
Literacy (S)(m/f) 80%/50% 50%/25%  65%/33% n.a.
Architecture          
Materials Wood frame Wood and brick Stone and brick Earth and log 
Style  Saltbox, Stretched Box Hall and parlor Quaker plan Cabin style
Family        
Identity  Strong nuclear Extended  Moderate nuclear Clan and derbfine
Cohesion  High  LOW  Moderate  Moderate 
Completed size (F) 7   3 5 n.a
Servants (mean) 0-1 4-5 2 n.a.
Marriage, Gender and Sex         
Ceremony  Civil contract Sacred ceremony Meeting and agreement Abduction Rituals
Mean Age (Ma) (m/I) 26/23  24/18  27/24  20/19
Adults, never wed (m/f)  2%/6% 25%/2% 12%/16% n.a.
Male dominance Moderate  High Moderate  Very high
Prenuptial Pregnancy  Low (10-20%)  High (20-40%) Very low (5-15%)  
Rate (PPR)         
Bastardy rates (B)  Low (7-10) High (28-I I8)  Low (I-7) Unknown 
 Penalty bias Even  Against females Even  n.a. 
Child Naming, Child Nature arid Child Nurture         
Origin of names Biblical   Norman/Teuton  Mixed Biblical  Saints Names
Bible names (Nb)  90% 50%  70% 65% 
Descent of names  2 generation nuclear 3 generation extended  3 generation bilateral 3 generation
Parent names (Np) 60-70% 20-30% 20-30% 20-30%
Child nurture Will-breaking Will-bending Will-bracing Will-building
Sending out Yes  Mixed  No  Mixed 
Old Age, Death        
Age ideals  Elder-Saint Elder-Patriarch Elder-Teacher Elder-Thane
Age Ideology Veneration  Patriarchy  Elderly Tanistry 
Age heaping (A) Old age bias Seniority bias no census data Mixed 
Death ways Activist-Fatalist Stoic-Fatalist Optimist-Fatalist Nescient-Fatalist
Burial Customs  High austerity   High ceremony Extreme austerity Folk ritual
Religion and Magic        
Denomination  Congregational  Anglican  Quaker  Presbyt. etc.
Worship  Lecture-centered  Liturgy-centered Spirit-centered Field Mtg. and Fellowship
Magic Obsession  Witchcraft  fortune Spiritualism  Sorcery
Learning and Literacy         
Schools Town schools Parish schools Meeting schools Private schools
Common education Strong  Weak  Strong  Weak 
Higher education Strong  Strong  Weak  Weak 
Years enrolled (E) 4-5 years  1-3 years  3-4 years 1-2 years
Foodways        
Distinctive Dishes   Beans & brown bread Fricassees  Cream cheese & dry beef   Clabber and potato
cooking bias Baking Roasting and frying Boiling Boiling and frying
Eating Patterns Age-dominant Rank-dominant communal  Gender-dominant
Dress        
Class display  Moderate  High  Moderate  Moderate 
Color display Sad colors Bright Colors Neutral colors Folk color
Sexual display Moderate to low Moderate to high Very low  Very high
Sports Work & Time        
Amusements  Town and team games Blood sports Useful recreations Field contests
Work ethic Puritan work ethic Leisure ethic Pietistic work ethic Warrior ethic 
Economic bias  mixed commercial Staple farming Mixed Industrial  Farming & Herding
Time ethic Improving the time   Killing the time  Redeeming the time Passing the time
Seasonality (Tm) Fall peak Fall peak  Bimodal peaks  Spring peak
Rank and Wealth        
Rank system Truncated  Hierarchical  Egalitarian  Segmented 
Deference  Moderate  High  Low  Mixed 
Wealth (G) .4 to .6 .6 to .75   .3 to .5 .7 to .9 
Inheritance Double partible Primogeniture  Single Partible  Mixed 
Land grants (L) 90-120 acres 674 acres 250 acres n.a.
Settlement and Association, Horror and Shame        
Ideals  Towns  Manorial villages  Farm communities Hermitage
Realities  Hamlets  Plantations  Farm clusters  Isolated 
House location  Roadside  Setback  Corner-clusters Creek & Spring
Intl.  migration Low Moderate High  Very high
Persistence (rPr) 75-96% 50 -75%  40-60% 25-40%
Honor   Grace-centered  Rank-centered Holiness-centered Primal honor 
Power, Order & Freedom        
Local polity   Town meeting  Parish & Court Commission  Court
Taxes per cap 12d (1765)  12d(1765) 5d (1765)  4d (1765)
Voting (%AWM)  210-30% and surges 40-50%, and stable 20-45% and stable 15-25%
Violence  Very low Moderate  Low  High 
Crime index (C) 0.4  0.9 1.2  5.2
Order Index (O)  .51   .31   .08 .25
Freedom ways Ordered Liberty Hegemonic Liberty Reciprocal liberty Natural liberty

Definitions of Quantitative Indicators:

bulletA  Age Bias, computed as a ratio of the reported age to expected age.
bulletAWM Voting participation as a proportion of adult white males.
bulletB Bastardly rate, illegitimate births per 1000 total births.
bulletC Crime index, ration violent crimes against persons to crimes against property
bulletE Mean years enrolled
bulletF Completed family size, mean number of children born to all families
bulletG Gini(?) ratio, ranging from .00 (perfect equality) to .99 (perfect inequality, the uppermost percentile owns all)
bulletL Land grants, mean size in acres
bulletMa  Mean age at first marriage
bulletNb Naming patterns, proportion of biblical names
bulletNp  Proportion of first-borns children named for parents
bulletO Crimes against order, as a proportion of all crimes
bulletPPR  Prenuptial pregnancy rate, proportion of first births within 8 months of marriage
bulletrPr Refined persistence rate, percent of living adults persisting through 10 years.
bulletS Signature/Mark literacy rates, percent signing by mark.
bulletTm Season of marriage, the timing of major peaks in the annual marriage cycle.
 
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This page was last updated on 02/27/06.